The two to four species of Polynesian sandpipers, the only members of the genus Prosobonia, are small wading birds confined to remote Pacific islands of French Polynesia. Only one species now exist, and it is rare and little known. This bird is sometimes separated in the genus Aechmorhynchus, restricting the genus to the extinct southern forms.

The Tuamotu Sandpiper, P. cancellata, is a unique short-billed all-brown wader previously found over a large area of the Pacific, but now confined to a few islands in the Tuamotu archipelago and still declining. Its decline appears to be due to human habitation encroachment and introduced mammals. It feeds on insects, but takes some vegetable material from its coastal haunts. It nests on the ground, and has a soft piping call.

The extinct Tahitian Sandpiper, P. leucoptera of Tahiti was similar in size and shape to P. cancellata. It had brown upperparts, reddish underparts, a white wingbar, and some white on the face and throat. It became extinct in the 19th century, and little is known of it.

There was a similar bird on Moorea which differed in some minor details from P. leucoptera, notably the larger extent of white in the wing, and has been described as White-winged Sandpiper (P. ellisi). However, although two species are generally listed, the question whether they actually did constitute separate species is probably unresolvable as only a single specimen of it exists today, apart from some contemporary paintings.

From Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Ua Huka in the Marquesas, and the remote South Pacific Henderson Island (Wragg 1995), subfossil remains of Prosobonia have been recovered but not yet named. The first of these was almost certainly more closely related to the Tahiti and Moorea populations than to the Tuamotu Sandpiper, but the exact nature of their relationship is unlikely to be resolved anytime soon. It disappeared in the early-mid 1st millennium AD, probably not long after 300 AD.

The Ua Huka and Henderson forms can be assumed to have been closer to the living species. The latter, a distinct species with long legs and short wings (Wragg & Weisler 1994), became extinct only about 1000 years after the Mangaia form, some time after 1200.

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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (January 2008)

M. A. Denegri is a Peruvian intellectual, critic of literature, sexologist and linguist. He studied in Colegio San Andrés, the former Anglo-Peruvian School. He studied law in Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos and he later studied sexology and sociology. During the 70’s, he was the director of the magazine “Revista Científica y Artística de Cultural Sexual - Fáscinum”. The first issue was published in April 1972. From 1997 to 2000 he conducted “A solas con Marco Aurelio Denegri” in the cable channel Cable Mágico Cultural, during a period of decadence and vulgarity in the open Peruvian television. He resigned from Cable Mágico in 2000 and started working in governmental TV channel “Televisión Nacional del Perú” (currently named TV Perú). He has a television show called La Función de la Palabra emitted via TNP (Televisión Nacional del Perú).

philips

Desmond George Bremner (born 7 September 1952) is a Scottish former professional football midfielder. He made more than 600 league appearances for clubs in both Scotland and England, was a member of Aston Villa’s European Cup-winning team of 1982, and was capped for the Scotland national team.

Born in Aberchirder, Banffshire, Bremner began his career with Deveronvale before joining Hibernian in 1971, turning professional in November 1972. He made his only appearance for Scotland while with Hibs in March 1976, coming on as a substitute for Kenny Dalglish in the game against Switzerland.

He moved to Aston Villa in 1979 for a fee of £275,000 and quickly settled as a regular in the side. In his second season with the club he was an ever-present as they took the Football League title, their first for 71 years. The following season Bremner was a member of Villa’s European Cup-winning side.

He left the club in September 1984, rejoining his former Villa manager Ron Saunders, who by then was managing local rivals Birmingham City. He helped Birmingham to promotion back to the First Division, relegation back to the Second Division the following season, and a further relegation to the Third Division before moving to Fulham on a free transfer in August 1989. He joined Walsall in March 1990 on non-contract terms and subsequently played for Stafford Rangers before retiring in 1991.

After retiring as a player he worked for the Professional Footballers’ Association, subsequently becoming the managing director of the financial division of the organisation.

His brother Kevin was also a professional footballer.

Honours

for Scotland

• 1 full cap, 9 Under-23 caps
• Scottish Football League representative

for Hibernian

• Scottish League Cup finalists: 1975
• Scottish Cup finalists: 1979

for Aston Villa

• English Football League champions: 1980–81
• European Cup: 1982
• European Super Cup: 1982
• Intercontinental Cup runners-up: 1982

for Birmingham City

• Second Division runners-up: 1984–85

References

• Matthews, Tony (1995). Birmingham City: A Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-010-9. 
• “Des Bremner”. Post War English & Scottish Football League A - Z Player’s Database. Neil Brown. http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player/desbremner.htm. 

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Canadian Forces Base Goose Bay (IATA: YYR, ICAO: CYYR) (also CFB Goose Bay), is a Canadian Forces Base located in the town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador.

CFB Goose Bay is presently operated as an air force base by Canadian Forces Air Command and is the site of NATO tactical flight training in Canada. The base was home of permanent detachments of the Luftwaffe (Germany) and the Aeronautica Militare (Italy), as well as hosting temporary training deployments from the Royal Air Force (United Kingdom) and the Royal Netherlands Air Force. The base also serves as a forward operating base for CF-18 interceptors. Its primary formation is 5 Wing.

CFB Goose Bay’s airfield is also used by civilian aircraft, with civilian operations at the base referring to the facility as Goose Bay Airport. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by NAV CANADA and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency. CBSA officers at this airport currently can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.

CFB Goose Bay has been designated as an alternate emergency landing site for NASA space shuttle launches because of its strategic location along the launch trajectory and its long runways.

Second World War

During World War II Newfoundland was a dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations. Fearing that a German invasion of Newfoundland could be used as a prelude to an attack on Canada, in 1940 Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and Newfoundland Governor Sir Humphrey T. Walwyn entered into negotiations regarding the strengthening of defensive positions along the Newfoundland coast. Notwithstanding that Newfoundland was a separate political entity, Canada built several strategic bases in Newfoundland and Labrador, including Goose Bay, to act as staging points in the eastern air route across the Atlantic via Greenland, Iceland, and the British Isles.

In the summer of 1941, an RCAF survey team determined a suitable location for an air base on a large low-lying plateau above the flood plain where the Churchill River emptied into Lake Melville. The westernmost portion of Lake Melville is Goose Bay, at the head of which is the harbour of Terrington Basin. These navigable waters, connected to the Atlantic Ocean through Groswater Bay, the outer portion of Hamilton Inlet, provided marine access and good anchorage for cargo ships which would service the base.

Construction soon followed the initial surveys and three (3) 7,000 foot runways were opened on 16 November 1941. The first military aircraft landed on 9 December. At this time, over 3,000 RCAF personnel were assigned to RCAF Station Goose Bay. The Permanent Joint Board on Defence allowed the United States Army Air Forces to build its own facilities on the south side of the base. Following the runway construction of 1941, workers continued to build other facilities on the base. By 1942 there were 1,700 USAAF personnel and 700 civilians posted to the base, making the area the largest population concentration in Labrador at the time. In 1943, RCAF Station Goose Bay was the busiest airport in the world and the neighbouring town of Happy Valley was created to house construction workers and civilian employees.

During the Second World War and the Cold War, the Royal Air Force used the RCAF facilities on the north side and was referred to as RAFU Goose Bay.

Space Shuttle Enterprise in Goose Bay in 1983

U.S. Air Force

Following the war, the RCAF and USAF maintained a presence at the base. On 31 March 1949 Newfoundland became Canada’s tenth province when it entered Confederation. Renamed in 1947, the United States Air Force (USAF) remained at the base, naming its specific area Goose Air Force Base (Goose AFB). In response to the Cold War, it expanded its presence during the 1950s, and began to use Goose Bay as a staging facility for nuclear-armed bombers of the Strategic Air Command.

On 10 November 1950, a USAF B-50 bomber flying between Goose Bay and Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona was forced to jettison and detonate three unarmed nuclear bombs over the St. Lawrence River near St-Andre-de-Kamouraska, Quebec. As the plutonium cores of the bombs had been removed and stored at Goose Bay, the onboard bombs contained only the high explosive implosion cores, and were thus considered “unarmed”. Encountering engine trouble, and with contemporary doctrine requiring that aircraft be lightened by dropping ordnance, the flight crew released the bombs. The weapons detonated at 2,500 feet over the river — apparently causing no damage. The episode was not disclosed by the Canadian government until 2000.

In 1953, the USAF signed a 20-year lease agreement with Canada for its continued use of the air base. Goose Bay’s strategic location as one of the closest North American air bases (by flying time) to the Soviet Union ensured it a prominent role, as fighter interceptor squadrons were posted at the base in a bid to ward off Soviet incursions of North American airspace.

In November 1954, a new air defence radar station was opened nearby. The USAF Melville Radar Station, or Melville Air Station per its USAF name, was attached to Pepperrell Air Force Base in St. John’s and was operated as part of the Pinetree Line. Beginning in 1957, Goose Bay began to support the Strategic Air Command’s 4082nd Strategic Wing. At this time, there were over 3,300 military and 700 civilians assigned to the U.S. side of the base. Goose Bay soon began to see B-47 Stratojet bombers and KC-97 aerial refuelling tankers, followed by KC-135 Stratotankers in 1960. It was also during the 1960s that Goose Bay began to see use by USAF B-52 Stratofortresses. Goose Bay also took over many of the functions provided by the former Ernest Harmon AFB in Stephenville which closed in 1966. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Goose Bay was home to over 12,000 USAF personnel and their families.

The 4082nd Strategic Wing deactivated and became the 95th Strategic Wing in 1966 and the fighter interceptor aircraft were relocated to other U.S. bases. During this time, there was a small RCAF presence on the north side of the base, however pending budget cuts in the late 1960s prior to unification saw the RCAF transfer its responsibilities for operation of the base to the Department of Transport in 1967.

On 1 February 1968 the RCAF was unified with the RCN and the Canadian Army to form the Canadian Forces. RCAF Station Goose Bay was renamed Canadian Forces Base Goose Bay (CFB Goose Bay).

1971 was a year of significant changes to the Canadian Forces operations at Goose Bay. The air base operations on the north side of the base (CFB Goose Bay) were closed, and the Canadian and RAF operations consolidated on the south side with the USAF. That same year, the USAF gave operation of the nearby Melville Radar Station over to the Canadian Forces, which renamed the facility Canadian Forces Station Goose Bay (CFS Goose Bay).

In 1973, the USAF’s 20-year lease agreement was extended for 6 months to 1 July 1973. On that date, all USAF facilities were transferred to the Government of Canada, with the provision that the USAF be permitted to use Goose Bay for 3 more years.

In 1974, the town of Happy Valley merged with the military community of Goose Bay to form the town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay.

On 1 July 1976 the USAF terminated its permanent presence at Goose Bay with the disbanding of the 95th Strategic Wing. Several USAF personnel were left at Goose Bay to handle the requirements of USAF aircraft that stopped periodically.

Canadian Forces Air Command

5 Wing Goose Bay

Luftwaffe Tornados at CFB Goose Bay

Avro Vulcan XL361 on display at CFB Goose Bay in 1988

The former U.S. facilities were redesignated CFB Goose Bay (the second time this facility name has been used). The value of the airfield and facilities built and improved by the USAF since 1953 and transferred to Canada were estimated in excess of $250 million (USD).

The Canadian Forces continued to use Goose Bay for staging interceptor aircraft, however Canadian Forces Air Command concentrated on purchasing the new CF-18 interceptor in the late 1970s and early 1980s. CF-18s for eastern Canada were to be based at CFB Bagotville in Quebec, thus the future was looking bleak for both CFB Goose Bay and CFB Chatham.

In 1983, a NASA Boeing 747 transport aircraft carrying the Space Shuttle Enterprise landed at CFB Goose Bay to refuel on its way to a European tour where the shuttle was then displayed in France and the United Kingdom. This was the first time that a U.S. space shuttle ever “landed” outside the United States.

In response to lessons learned from the Vietnam War and the growing sophistication of Soviet anti-aircraft radar and surface-to-air missile technology being deployed in Europe, NATO allies began looking at new doctrines in the 1970s-1980s which mandated low-level flight to evade detection. CFB Goose Bay’s location in Labrador, with a population of around 30,000 and area measuring 294,000 km², made it an ideal location for low-level flight training. Labrador’s sparse settlement and a local topography similar to parts of the Soviet Union, in addition to proximity to European NATO nations, “sealed the deal” which saw CFB Goose Bay grow to become the primary low-level tactical training area for several NATO air forces during the 1980s.

The increased low-level flights by fighter aircraft was not without serious controversy as the Innu Nation protested these operations vociferously, claiming that the noise of aircraft travelling at supersonic speeds in close proximity to the ground (”nap of the earth flying”) was adversely affecting wildlife, namely caribou, and was a nuisance to their way of life on their traditional lands. Many protests evolved into dangerous activities, including trespassing into the low-level flying ranges (at detriment of the safety of protesters), and even to shooting hunting rifles at the fighter aircraft. The protests, while having died down with changes in operating areas and raising of flight altitudes, have never really disappeared.

During the 1980s-1990s, CFB Goose Bay hosted permanent detachments from the Royal Air Force, Luftwaffe, Royal Netherlands Air Force, and the Aeronautica Militare, in addition to temporary deployments from several other NATO countries. Goose Bay was a very attractive training facility for these air forces in light of the high population concentration in their countries, as well as numerous laws preventing low-level flying. Many of the ranges surrounding CFB Goose Bay are larger than some European countries.

In 1988, the Pinetree Line radar site at CFS Goose Bay was closed. The permanent RNAF detachment left CFB Goose Bay in the 1990s, although temporary training postings have been held since.

On 11 September 2001, CFB Goose Bay hosted seven trans-Atlantic commercial airliners which were diverted to land as part of Operation Yellow Ribbon, following the closure of North American airspace as a result of terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. It was also the first Canadian airport to receive diverted aircraft.

In 2004 the RAF announced its intent to close the permanent RAF detachment, effective 31 March 2005. The German and Italian air forces have agreements signed to use the base until 2006, however these have not been renewed. The base continues in its role as a low-level tactical training facility and as a forward deployment location for Canadian Forces Air Command, although the total complement of Canadian Forces personnel numbers less than 100.

Base Rescue Flight and 444 Combat Support Squadron

CH-135 Twin Huey 135127 from Base Rescue Goose Bay in the later SAR scheme used after 1986/88

To provide rescue and range support to the jet aircraft operating from Goose Bay the Canadian Forces provided a Base Rescue Flight consisting of three CH-135 Twin Huey helicopters. In 1993 the Base Rescue Flight was re-badged 444 Combat Support Squadron and continued to operate the same fleet of three helicopters. In 1996 the CH-135s were replaced with three CH-146 Griffon helicopters.

Ballistic Missile Defence

Labradorian politicians such as Liberal Senator Bill Rompkey have advocated using CFB Goose Bay as a site for a missile defense radar system being developed by the United States Department of Defense. Executives from defense contractor Raytheon have surveyed CFB Goose Bay as a suitable location for deploying such a radar installation..

Airlines and destinations

Civil

Military

• Air Command (Canada)
• Royal Air Force (United Kingdom)
• Luftwaffe (Germany)
• Aeronautica Militare (Italy)
• Royal Netherlands Air Force (Netherlands)

See also

• Goose (Otter Creek) Water Aerodrome

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 7 May 2009 to 0901Z 2 July 2009
2. ^ Aircraft Movement Statistics: Airports Without Air Traffic Control Towers: Annual Report (TP 577)
3. ^ Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence (2007-06-15). “444 Squadron History”. http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/5wing/squadron/444hist_e.asp. Retrieved on 2007-10-29. 
4. ^ AEROWARE / RCAF.com (undated). “No. 444 Squadron”. http://www.rcaf.com/squadrons/400series/444squadron.php. Retrieved on 2007-10-29. 

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Echinulate

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Echinulate is an adjective describing the spiny, or “spiky” nature of some spores found in plants and fungi; an example is the auxiliary cell. The words derives from the same root as the prefix echino, meaning that the shape is similar to the porcupine (whose family name is Echinoprocta).

This fungus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinulate”
Categories: Fungal morphology and anatomy | Fungus stubs

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Glenn Chadbourne
Born	October 19, 1959 (1959-10-19) (age 49) Damariscotta, Maine
Occupation	artist, illustrator, writer
Nationality	American
Writing period	1988 - current
Genres	Horror, Fantasy
Influences
Official website

Glenn Chadbourne is an American artist. He lives in Newcastle, Maine. He is best known for his work in the horror and fantasy genres, having created covers and illustrated books and magazines for publishers such as Cemetery Dance Publications, Subterranean Press, and Earthling Publications. Mr. Chadbourne is known for his sense of humour and down to earth manner, as well as the stark honesty of his work.

Glenn Chadbourne attended Lincoln Academy before continuing his education at The Portland School of Art. He also attended the University of Maine at Augusta, as well as the University of Southern Maine.

His first published work was in the late 1980s for the Stephen King related newsletter called Castle Rock. He won a contest that called for artists to submit something Stephen King related.

He wrote, illustrated, and self published a few comics called ChillVille and Farmer Fiend’s Horror Harvest in the early 1990s. He eventually met Rick Hautala and was asked to illustrate his short story collection Bedbugs. After Cemetery Dance Publications printed Bedbugs in 1999, things began to click for Mr. Chadbourne, and he has since illustrated work for many of the top names in the horror genre.

He recently illustrated The Secretary of Dreams: Volume 1, a graphic collection of Stephen King stories that was published by Cemetery Dance Publications in 2006 in three limited editions. Volume Two was announced as being drawn by Glenn Chadbourne in early 2007.

Partial bibliography of works by Glenn Chadbourne

• Ghost Trap by Dave Lowell (Flights of Imagination, 2007)
• The Colorado Kid (the Glenn Chadbourne limited edition) by Stephen King (PS Publishing, 2007)
• The Secretary of Dreams: Volume 1 by Stephen King (Cemetery Dance Publications, 2006)
• Dead Earth: The Green Dawn by Mark Justice and David T. Wilbanks with an introduction by Gary A. Braunbeck (PS Publishing, 2007)
• Matinee at the Flame by Christopher Fahy (Overlook Connection Press)
• The King and other Stories by Joe R. Lansdale (Subterranean Press, 2006)
• Bloodstained Oz by Christopher Golden and James A. Moore (500 numbered copies released by Earthling Publications, 2006) (also released as a limited lettered edition of 26 copies each with an original color illustration by Glenn Chadbourne)
• Windows by Ray Garton (Cemetery Dance “Signature Series”, 2006)
• Weed Species by Jack Ketchum (Black and white interior artwork by Glenn Chadbourne) (Cemetery Dance Publications, 2006)
• The Illustrated Stephen King Trivia Book by Brian Freeman & Bev Vincent (Cemetery Dance Publications, 2005) ISBN 1-58767-116-6 (also released as a 52 copy lettered edition that came with a piece of Glenn Chadbourne ORIGINAL artwork that was used in the book)
• The Road to the Dark Tower by Bev Vincent (Cemetery Dance Publications, 2005) ISBN 1-58767-104-2 (also released as a 52 copy lettered edition that came with an original Dark Tower drawing by Glenn Chadbourne)
• Bedbugs by Rick Hautala (Cemetery Dance Publications, 1999)

Comic books

• Fang #3 (1992, Tangram Publishing) (Features a ChillVille preview)
• ChillVille (AKA “Welcome to Chillville”) (1993, Tangram Publishing) (1 issue)
• ChillVille (Maine Stream Comics) (1 issue)
• Farmer Fiend’s Horror Harvest (1 issue Feb, 1995; “Work ‘Till You’re Dead Graphics”)
• Blood for the Muse: ChillVille (published by Chanting Monk Studios) (2 issues, 1997) (reprints Tangram Publishing’s Chillville spread over two issues) (issue #1 has a preview of “The Oaken Door,” which was eventually published in full by Grave Tales #2, see below)
• Blood for the Muse: Agony Exctasy Tragedy (1998, Blind Wolf Studios) (1 issue) (Features “Tregedy Brings Her”)
• Dreg written by Terry M. West (only 200 preview copies were made) (1997, “Dark Muse Productions”) (1 issue)
• Cemetery Dance Presents Grave Tales (avaialble as limited edition hardcovers and regular comic book style):

• Issue 1 (art for “Late Summer Shadows” by Rick Hautala) (1999)
• Issue 2 (art for “The Corn Dolly” by Al Sarrantonio & “The Oaken Door” by Daniel D. Burr) (2000)
• Issue 3 (art for “The Cutty Black Sow” by Thomas F. Monteleone) (2001)
• Issue 4 (art for “Legend” by Garrett Peck) (2005)
• Issue 5 (art for “Snowmen” by Kealan Patrick Burke) (2008)
• Issue 6 (art for “Junkyard of the Damned” by Robert Morrish) (scheduled 2008)

Murals

All located in in Lewiston, ME

• DaVinci’s Eatery
• Lewiston Pawn Shop
• Carousel Marina’s Whale’s Tale Restaurant

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Ayane Miura

Birthdate	May 8, 1974 (1974-05-08) (age 35)
Birth location	Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
Measurements	90-58-85(cm) 35-23-34(inch)
Height	1.58 m (5 ft 2 in)
Blood type	O
Ayane Miura at IMDb

Ayane Miura (????, Miura Ayane^?, born May 8, 1974) is a Japanese model, singer and stage and screen actress. As a model her pictures often show full-frontal nudity. As an actress she portrayed Sadako Yamamura in the 1995 Japanese TV movie Ring: Kanzenban.

Miura has appeared in several V-Cinema films. In 1996 she appeared in an entry in the popular Rapeman series. Telling the saga of Rapeman Services, a company of professional rapists whose motto is “Righting wrongs through penetration”, the original film inspired six sequels and two spin-off films. In their Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films, the Weissers write that the series director, Takao Nagaishi, took “a patently offensive premise and twisted it into a wickedly funny black-comedy for adults… His camerawork is slick, and the music is hypnotic. Plus he has co-authored clever scripts with surprisingly intricate plotlines. And, most importantly, Nagaishi has taken the time to develop a group of characters who are actually very likable.” Miura’s episode, The Rape-Man of Edo takes the concept of the series into samurai milieu.

Partial filmography

• 1993.08.27??????????? (KSS)
• 1994.01.14????????????????????? (Nikkatsu Video)
• 1994.01.29????????? (Excellent Films)
• 1994.04.28?????? (Nikkatsu Video)
• 1994.06.24???????????????????? (KSS)
• 1995.06.09?????? (Nikkatsu Video)
• 1995.06.23????????????????? (Nain-wan: Kunoichi yôjuu densetsu) (JVD)
• 1995.10.20?????? (Pony Canyon)
• 1995.12.01????????? (Pink Pineapple)
• 1996.05.10??????????????????? (Toei Video)
• 1996.06.28??????????? (SEN)
• 1996.11.01?The Rape-Man of Edo 2 (??????????????, Ôedo Reipuman: Nyoin shokeinin^?) (Gyaga Communications)

Photobooks (parial list)

• 1994-05-10 Naked Dance (??, Rabu^?)
• 1995-01-10 Reve

References

1. ^ Infobox data from: “?? ??? ” (in Japanese). ‘Web I-dic’ (Idol Dictionary). http://i-dic.dorachan.com/data?murayn00. Retrieved on 2008-12-01. 
2. ^ Weisser, Thomas; Yuko Mihara Weisser (1998). Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films. Miami: Vital Books : Asian Cult Cinema Publications. pp. 341-342. ISBN 1-889288-52-7. 
3. ^ “Ayane Miura: Naked Dance ??” (in English). Urabon Navigator 1997-2006. http://jans-web.com/books/7228. Retrieved on 2008-12-01. 
4. ^ “REVE” (in English). maruyume. http://www32.ocn.ne.jp/~maruyume/syou/ma/miuraayane/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-01. 

Ideal Body Weight Man

ginter

GQ Lupi is a T Tauri variable star approximately 500 light-years away in the constellation of Lupus. The star is young and has about 70% of the Sun’s mass.

Possible planetary system

In 2005, Ralph Neuhäuser and his colleagues reported a substellar object, GQ Lupi b, orbiting the star. Along with 2M1207b, this was one of the first extrasolar planet candidates to be directly imaged. The image was made with the VLT telescope at Paranal Observatory, Chile on June 25, 2004. Depending on its mass and the definition of a planet, GQ Lupi b may or may not be considered a planet. As of 2006, the International Astronomical Union Working Group on Extrasolar Planets described GQ Lupi b as a “possible planetary-mass companion to a young star.”

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} GQ Lupi, entry, SIMBAD. Accessed on line June 13, 2008.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Astrometric and photometric monitoring of GQ Lupi and its sub-stellar companion, Ralph Neuhaeuser, Markus Mugrauer, Andreas Seifahrt, Tobias Schmidt, and Nikolaus Vogt, Astronomy and Astrophysics 484, #1 (2008), pp. 281–291. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078493. Bibcode: 2008A&A…484..281N
3. ^ From parallax and apparent magnitude.
4. ^ ^{a b c} First image of exoplanet orbiting Sun-like star, Kelly Young, April 4, 2005, NewScientist.com news service. Accessed on line June 13, 2008.
5. ^ Is this a Brown Dwarf or an Exoplanet? New Young Sub-stellar Companion Imaged with the VLT, ESO Press Release 09/05, April 7, 2005. Accessed on line June 13, 2008.
6. ^ Lists of Extrasolar Planets, IAU Working Group on Extrasolar Planets, August 28, 2006. Accessed on line June 13, 2008.
7. ^ ^{a b} Planet : GQ Lup b, Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Accessed on line June 13, 2008

philips

The perun (Serbian Cyrillic: ?????, older spelling: ??????) was the currency that was planned for introduction in Montenegro by Petar II Petrovi? Njegoš in 1851. However, he died the same year, and Montenegro remained without a currency until the 1906 introduction of the perper by Nicholas I of Montenegro. It was named after (whom Njegoš considered to be) the supreme god of Slavic mythology Perun. If introduced, one Perun would have had equal value to two thalers. Montenegro later used the Austrian currencies until 1906 when Montenegro started using the Montenegrin perper.

See also

• Montenegrin perper

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The Honourable  Joe Hockey  BA, LLB, MP
Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations
In office 30 January 2007 – 3 December 2007
Preceded by	Kevin Andrews
Succeeded by	Julia Gillard
Constituency	North Sydney
Minister for Human Services
In office 22 October 2004 – 29 January 2007
Succeeded by	Ian Campbell
Member of the Australian Parliament for North Sydney
Incumbent
Assumed office  March 1996
Preceded by	E C (Ted) Mack
Born	2 August 1965 (1965-08-02) (age 43) Sydney, New South Wales
Political party	Liberal Party of Australia
Spouse	Melissa Babbage
Religion	Roman Catholic

Joseph Benedict “Joe” Hockey (born 2 August 1965), Australian politician, is the former Federal Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations, in the Howard Government and the current Shadow Treasurer. He is a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives, representing the Division of North Sydney since March 1996.

Early life and career

Hockey was born in Sydney, New South Wales. His father, Richard Hockey, who came to Australia in 1948, was born in Bethlehem, then in the British Mandate of Palestine), of Armenian background - the family name was originally Hokeidonian. Hockey attended St Aloysius’ College and the University of Sydney, residing at St John’s College, where he graduated with degrees in Arts and Law. He was a banking and finance lawyer, and Director of Policy to the Premier of New South Wales, before entering politics.

Political career

Joe Hockey in a press conference on the ground at Telstra Dome, Melbourne.

Hockey was Minister for Financial Services and Regulation 1998-2001 and Minister for Small Business and Tourism 2001-04. In October 2004 he was promoted to the Human Services portfolio, a position he held in addition to his appointment in 2006 as Minister assisting the Minister for Workplace Relations. In the January 2007 Cabinet reshuffle, Hockey was promoted to the cabinet in the position of Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations and held that position until the Howard government’s defeat at the 2007 election.

Hockey regularly appeared on the Seven Network’s morning program Sunrise in the ‘Big Guns of Politics’ section debating Opposition Leader, Kevin Rudd until the arrangement was mutually terminated on the 16 April 2007, following controversy over plans to stage a pre-dawn Anzac Day service in Vietnam.

In December 2007, Joe Hockey was made Shadow Minister for Health and Ageing, and Manager of Opposition Business in the House. In September 2008 he became Shadow Minister for Finance, Competition Policy and Deregulation. Hockey became Shadow Treasurer in February 2009 when Julie Bishop stepped down from the portfolio.

See also

• Workchoices

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